MARION SYSTEMS CORP,
Santa Monica, CA 90401


MS68K
SINGLE BOARD
COMPUTER
User's Manual






Table of Contents
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
MS68K SPECIFICATIONS
PARTS LAYOUT
SYSTEM INTEGRATION
    Introduction
    Power
    Terminal
    Modem
    Floppy
    SCSI
    Parallel Printer
    Expansion Bus
    Jumpers
TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION
    Introduction
    68000 Microprocessor and Memory Map
    Clock and Reset
    Memory and Peripheral Device Decoding
    ROM Memory
    RAM Memory
    Interrupts
    DTACK and Bus Error
    Addressing of Eight Bit Peripherals
    DUART and Serial Channels
    Floppy
    Printer
    SCSI
    Expansion Bus
ROM MONITOR
SCHEMATICS


General Description
The Marion Systems MS68K Single Board Computer is a complete
68000 microprocessor-based computer system on a compact 5- 3/4"
by 8" printed circuit board. In addition to the 68000 microprocessor
running at 8 MHz, the MS68K also has on board support for up to
512K bytes of DRAM, up to 128K bytes of EPROM, controllers for
floppy and hard disks, two serial ports, a parallel port and a com
plete expansion bus. It requires only +5 volts DC power to operate.
All of the basic elements of a complete microprocessor based system
arc included on the MS68K board. The 68000 microprocessor is the
same powerful CPU which is used in numerous popular computers
and engineering workstations. The MS68K can contain up to 512K
bytes of no wait state dynamic RAM, which is adequate for a great
many applications. For systems requiring more memory, Memory
Expansion Boards are available which allow the user to configure
systems with up to 12.5 megabytes of memory.
The MS68K contains sockets which accept up to 128K bytes of
EPROM storage. EPROM types 2764 thru 27512 can be accommo
dated.
Included with each MS68K is a very complete ROM monitor
contained on two 27128 EPROMs. In addition to the standard
debugging features backtracking, tracing execution, and chang  
ing, listing, moving and searching memory. The ROM monitor also
contains a line assembler and line disassembler.
For serial port communication, the MS68K utilizes the popular
68681 interface circuit, which provides one serial port for a CRT
terminal, plus a second serial port for a modem or serial printer.
The 68681 also provides a 16-bit counter-timer.
For controlling mass storage, the MS68K has the capability of inter
facing to both floppy disks and hard disks. Unique to boards of its
type, the MS68K contains a socket for a 5380-type SCSI protocol
controller, which can control hard disks of various sizes, as well as
providing general-purpose, bidirectional input-output. In addition,
the MS68K includes a 1772- type floppy controller for interfacing up
to two 3 1/2" or 5 1/4" floppy drives.
Completing the extensive I/O capabilities of the MS68K is a standard
parallel printer port and a complete expansion bus. The expansion
bus is designed for additional boards to be interfaced to the MS68K,
allowing complex systems to be formulated. Marion Systems
provides Memory Expansion Boards which interface to the MS68K
thru the expansion bus and provide up to 12 megabytes of additional
RAM memory


MS68K Specifications

Processor
    CPU:6800016/32 Bit microprocessor
    Clock:8 MHz

Memory
    DRAM
        256K bytes dynamic RAM
        0 wait state
        Expandable to 512K bytes on board
    EPROM
        Up lo 128K bytes of EPROM
        Accommodates 2764 thru 27512 type EPROM

    ROM Monitor
        Two 27128 EPROMs
        Extensive debug facilities including line
        assembler and disassembler, trace; set/clear
        breakpoints, change, list, move, search memory
        download programs, etc.

    Expansion
        Up to total system RAM of 12.5 megabytes

Disk Control
    SCSI
        5380-type SCSI protocol controller
        Interfaces various sizes of hard disks
    Floppy
        1772-type floppy controller
        Interfaces two 3 1/2" or 5 1/4" floppy disks

Input/Output
    Serial:
        Two serial ports using 68681 controller
        Programmable baud rates to 38.4 kilobaud
        Programmable handshake

    Parallel
        Industry standard printer interface
    Expansion Bus
        76 pin high speed expansion bus
        Includes all data and address line,
        all strobes, system clock, interrupt
        line, memory refresh control, etc.

Power     DC Power +5 volts @ IS amp

Dimensions
    5 3/4" X 8
    Mounts on 5 1/4" disk drive



System Integration

Introduction

The MS68K can be the heart of a very powerful and capable
system, however in its most basic form a simple system consists

    -MS68K Single Board Computer with ROM Monitor
    -ASCII Terminal
    -Power Supply

To this basic system other components can be added - such as
floppy disks, SCSI hard disks, modems, printers, expansion
cards - to build your desired configuration. The following
sections describe how to integrate these various components
into your system. Refer to Figure 1 for the locations of the
various connectors.


Power

The MS68K requires only +5 volts DC at 1.5 amps to operate. It
uses a connector which is identical to those used on most 5 1\4"
floppy and hard disks.


CAUTION

BE VERY CAREFUL BEFORE APPLYING POWER
TO THE MS68K. MAKE SURE THAT YOUR
POWER CABLE IS WIRED CORRECTLY


.


Table l. Power Connector (J5)
PINNAMEDescription
1+12+12 Volts  DC (Optional)
2Ground+12 Volt Return
3Ground+5 Volt Return
4+5+5 volts DC

 
Mating Connector:AMP 1-480424-0
Mating Pins:AMP 60617-1
(Supplied in MS68K Accessory Kit)



Terminal


A console terminal is required for basic operation of the MS68K.
The terminal communicates with the MS68K by means of an RS-232
serial interface thru Port A. the Terminal Port A 68681 DUART
(Dual Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter) performs the
functions of serial/parallel conversion and other tasks required
for RS-232 communication. When power is applied or a system reset
is forced, the ROM Monitor initializes Port A of the DUART as
follows:


        -9600 Baud
        -1 Stop Bit
        -8 Bits per Character
        -No Parity


TABLE 2  Terminal Connector (J3)

PinNameDescriptionIn/Out
1GroundGround--
2RxDReceived DataIn
3TxDTransmitted DataOut
4CTSClear To SendIn
5RTSRequest To SendOut
6GroundGround--

Mating Connector: MOLEX 22-01-2061
Mating Pins: MOLEX 08-50-0114
(Supplied in MS68K Accessory Kit)
Figure 2 - TYPICAL TERMINAL CABLE



CABLE


(wires within dotted lines nay be required for > 9600 baud)



Modem


The DUART on the MS68K furnishes a second serial port in
addition to the port used for the terminal, and this port can be
used to interface a modem, serial printer, or other RS-232 serial
device. When power is applied or a system reset is forced, the
ROM Monitor initializes Port B of the DUART as follows:


    -1200 Baud
    - 1 Stop Bit
    - 8 Bits per Character
    - No Parity


The ROM Monitor can be used to change the baud rate of Port B



table 3. Modem Connector (J2)

PINNAMEDESCRIPTIONIn/Out
1GroundGround--
2TxDTransmitted DataOut
3RxDReceived DataIn
4RTSReqeust To SendOut
5CTSClear To SendIn

GroundGround--

Mating Connector: MOLEX 22-01-2061
Mating Pins: MOLEX 08-50-0114
(Supplied in MS68K Accessory Kit)



Figure 3 - typical modem cable



Floppy


The MS68K utilizes a 1772-typc (floppy controller to interface up
to two 5 1\4" or 3 1\2" floppy drives. Basically any type of
floppy drive which is soft-sectored, single or double density,
40 or 80 track will work with the MS68K. The floppy drives
interface to the system by means of a power cable and a signal
cable. Most 5 1\4" floppy drives require a power cable with
connections similar to those shown in Table 1. However,
3 1\2" floppy drives generally require a different power
connector than those for 5 P4N drives. Consult your particular
drive specification for details.
The signal cable required for your particular system will depend
upon the type of floppy drives you have chosen. The signal
connector on most 5 1VT floppy drives is a printed circuit edge
connector and requires a mating connector such as:


MOLEX 15-29-0341
3M 3463-0001


The signal connector of most 3 1\2" floppy drives is a ribbon
cable type. Typical mating connectors are:


AMP 499496-9
MOLEX 15-29-8342


Note:

On certain 3-1/2" drives, the mechanical keying on the drive itself is such that the "V- mark" which normally designates Pin 1 willinstead be designating Pin 34.




If you are connecting only one floppy drive to your system make
sure that it has only the "Drive Select 0" jumper installed, and
has the terminating resistors installed. If you are interfacing
two drives, one drive should only have its "Drive Select 0'jumper
installed and the second drive should only have its "Drive
Select 1" jumper installed. In addition, make sure that only
the drive at the end of the signal cable, farthest from the MS68K,
has its terminating resistors installed.


Floppy


Table 4 Floppy Connector (J4)

 PinName    DescriptionIn/Out
2---(NOT USED)---
4---(NOT USED)---
6---(NOT USED)---
8INDEX-INDEX PULSEIN
10DSEL0DRIVE SELECT 0OUT
12DSEL1DRIVE SELECT 1OUT
14---(NOT USED)---
16MOTOR-MOTOR ONOUT
18DIR-STEP DIRECTION SELECTOUT
20STEP-STEPOUT
22WDATA-WRITE DATAOUT
24WGATE-WRITE GATEOUT
26TRK0-TRACK 0 STATUSIN
28WPROT-WRITE PROTECT STATUSIN
30RDATA-READ DATAIN
32SIDE1-SIDE ONE SELECTOUT
34---(NOT USED)---
7-33 (odd pins)GNDSIGNAL GROUND---


Mating Connector: amp 499496-9


SCSI Interface


The SCSI interface allows the MS68K to communicate with a variety
of SCSI-compatible devices, such as hard disks, tape drives,
printers, other computer systems, etc. In addition, the SCSI
interface can be used as a general purpose, 8-bit input-output


The SCSI interface consists of 18 signals on a 50-pin connector.
All signals are bidirectional, active low, can drive/must be
driven by open-collector drivers with 48 mA. sink capability.
All 18 signals are terminated on the MS68K by a 220 ohm resistor
to 5 and a 330 ohm resistor to ground.


TABLE 5 scsi Connector (J1)
PINNAMEDESCRIPTIONIN/OUT
2DB0-Data Bit 0 (LSB)In/Out
4DB1-Data Bit 1In/Out
6DB2-Data Bit 2In/Out
8DB3-Data Bit 3In/Out
10DB4-Data Bit 4In/Out
12DB5-Data Bit 5In/Out
14DB6-Data Bit 6In/Out
16DB7-Data Bit 7 (MSB)In/Out
18DBP-Data Parity BitIn/Out
20GNDground---
22GNDground---
24GNDground---
26TERMPWRTerminator Power---
28GNDground---
30GNDground---
32ATN-AttentionIn/Out
34GNDground---
36BSY-BusyIn/Out
38ACK-AcknowledgeIn/Out
40RST-SCSI Bus resetIn/Out
42MSG-MessageIn/Out
44SEL-SelectIn/Out
46C/D-Control/DataIn/Out
48REQ-RequestIn/Out
50I/O-Input/OutputIn/Out
1-23GNDground---
25---(Not Used)---
27-49GNDground---


Mating Connector
AMP 1-499496-2
MOLEX 15-29-8502


Parallel Printer


The parallel printer port allows a printer with a Centronics-type
interface to be driven by the MS68K. The interface on the MS68K
is a 26-pin connector that is configured for popular printer ribbon
cables, such as the Radio Shack # 26-1409. Since the connector
that is used for connecting to printers has a different pin
numbering scheme, the pin numbers on the MS68K connector (J6)
do not match the pin numbers on the printer. This is shown in the
following table.

table 6. Parallel Print (J6)
Cent
Pin
J6 PinNameDescriptionIn/Out
11STROBE - DATA STROBEOUT
23DL1 DATA LINE 1 (LSB)OUT
35DL2DATA LINE 2OUT
47DL3DATA LINE 3OUT
59DL4DATAA LINE 4OUT
611DL5DATA LINE 5OUT
713DL6DATA LINE 6OUT
815DL7DATA LINE 7OUT
917DL8DATA LINE 8OUT
1019ACK-ACKNOWLEDGEIN
1121BUSYPRINTER BUSYIN
1223PEPAPER ENDIN
1325SELECTSELECTIN
3126INIT-INITIALIZE PRINTEROUT
3024---
 ---
19-29
(odd)
2-22
(even)
     GND Ground ---

MS68K Mating Connector : MOLEX 15-29-8262
                                           AMP 499495-7
Printer Mating Connector : Amphenol 57-30360


Expansion Bus

The MS68K expansion bus allow the integration of a wide variety
of external devices to the MS68K. This bus is basically an
interface to and from the 68000 microprocessor, with the
addition of certain signals to make the bus more general
purpose.


TABLE  7.  Expansion Bus (J8)

PinNameDescriptionIn/Out
1GNDGround   ---
2XD15+Ext Data Bit 15In/Out
3XD14+Ext Data Bit 14In/Out
4GNDGround   ---
5XD13+Ext Data Bit 13In/Out
6XD12+Ext Data bit 12In/Out
7GNDGround   ---
8XD11+Ext Data Bit 11In/Out
9XD10+Ext Data Bit 10In/Out
10GNDGround   ---
11XD9+Ext Data Bit 9In/Out
12XD8+Ext Data Bit 8In/Out
13GNDGround   ---
14XD7+Ext Data Bit 7In/Out
15XD6+Ext Data Bit 6In/Out
16GNDGround   ---
17XD5+Ext Data Bit 5In/Out
18XD4+Ext Data Bit 4In/Out
19GNDGround   ---
20XD3+Ext Data Bit 3In/Out
21XD2+Ext Data Bit 2In/Out
22GNDGround   ---
23XD1+Ext Data Bit 1In/Out
24XD0+Ext Data Bit 0In/Out
25GNDGround   ---
26EXT-External SelectIn


J8 Mating Connector: AMP 1-499496-2
(50 pin)                MOLEX 15-29-8502
J7 Mating Connector: AMP 499495-7
(26 pin)                MOLEX  15-29-8262


TABLE  8 Expansion Bus (J7)

 Pin Name DescriptionIn/Out
1XCLK+8 MHz  Buffered Cpu ClockOut
2GNDGround   ---
3BR-Bus RequestIn
4XINT-External InterruptIn
5GNDGround   ---
6REFR+RefreshOut
7AS-Address StrobeOut
8GNDGround   ---
9UDS-Upper Data StrobeOut
10LDS-Lower Data StrobeOut
11GNDGround   ---
12R/W+Read / Not WriteOut
13DTACK-Data Transfer AcknowledgeOut
14GNDGround   ---
15A23+Address Bus Bit 23Out
16A22+Address Bus Bit 22Out
17GNDGround   ---
18A21+Address Bus Bit 21Out
19A20+Address Bus Bit 20Out
20GNDGround   ---
21A19+Address Bus Bit 19Out
22A18+Address Bus Bit 18Out
23GNDGround   ---
24A17+Address Bus Bit 17Out
25RESET-Master ResetOut
26GNDGround   ---
27A16+Address Bus Bit 16Out
28A15+Address Bus Bit 15Out
29GNDGround   ---
30A14+Address Bus Bit 14Out
31A13+Address Bus Bit 13Out
32GNDGround   ---
33A12+Address Bus Bit 12Out
34A11+Address Bus Bit 11Out
35GNDGround   ---
36A10+Address Bus Bit 10Out
37A9+Address Bus Bit 9Out
38GNDGround   ---
39A8+Address Bus Bit 8Out
40A7+Address Bus Bit 7Out
41GNDGround   ---
42A6+Address Bus Bit 6Out
43A5+Address Bus Bit 5Out
44GNDGround   ---
45A1+Address Bus Bit 1Out
46A2+Address Bus Bit 2Out
47GNDGround   ---
48A3+Address Bus Bit 3Out
49A4+Address Bus Bit 4Out
50GNDGround   ---


Clock and Reset

The master timing for the MS68K is an 8 MHz clock. This signal
is derived from a 16 MHz oscillator which is divided by two.
The resulting 8 MHz signal drives both the 68000 microprocessor
and the 1772 floppy disk controller. t.
The MS68K system is reset whenever power is applied, and this
causes the appropriate circuitry to be initialized, the ROM
memory to be mapped to the start of memory, and RAM memory to
be disabled. This is done so that the 68000 microprocessor can
initially load its stack pointer and program counter with
starting values. In this case, the program counter is loaded -
with the starting address of the ROM Monitor. When the reset :
function has terminated, the 68000 microprocessor starts
executing instructions in the ROM Monitor. One of the first
instructions that is executed is an instruction which accesses
the DUART. This action automatically remaps the ROM to upper
memory and enables RAM addressing.


Memory and Peripheral Device Decoding

All memory and peripheral devices exist in the memory space of
the 68000 microprocessor since it does not have separate
input/output instructions. These addresses are decoded by a PAL
programmed logic device. The decoded addresses are as follows:

Styart AddressEnd AddressDevice
$000000$07FFFFRam Memory (first 512K bytes)
$D00000$D7FFFFSCSI Controller
$D80000$DFFFFFParrallel Printer Controller
$E00000$E7FFFFFloppy Disk Controller
$E80000$EFFFFFDUART Serial Controller
$F00000$F7FFFFRom Monitor

In addition, the PAL generates the signal VPA- which is used as
part of the interrupt acknowledge process by instructing the
68000 microprocessor to use autovcctored interrupts.
The logic equations for the memory decode PAL are given below

RAM = A23- * A22- * A21- * A20- * A19- *  STRT-
SCSI =  A23+ * A22+ * A21- * A20+ * A19-
PNTR = A23+ * A22+ * A21- * A20+ * A19+ * AS+
FDC = a23+ * A22+ * A21+ * A20- * A19- * AS+
DUART = A23+ * A22+ * a21+ * a20- * a19+  * AS+
ROM = A23+ * A22+ * A21+ * A20+ * A19-  | STRT+
SPFR  = SCSI+ | PNTR+ | FDC+ | ROM+
VPA =  FC0+ * FC1+ * FC2+ * AS+

Where * = Logical AND
            + =  Active High
             - = Act6ive Low
             | = Logical OR



ROM Memory

The MS68K can accommodate ROM (EPROM) memory as described
below:
Eprom TypeSize (2 Eproms)Jumper
276416K Bytes---
2712832 K Bytes---
2725664 K Bytes1
27512128 K Bytes2

The EPROM access time must be 250 nanoseconds or better.


RAM Memory

The basic MS68K system comes with 256K bytes of dynamic RAM which
can be expanded on board to 512K bytes. Memory expansion can be
accomplished by the user by installing appropriate memory chips
on the MS68K board. The DRAM chips used in the MS68K arc 64K by
4 types with an access time of 150 nanoseconds. Some acceptable
DRAMs are:

DRAM TypeManufacturer
HM50464p-15Hitatchi
NEC D41464C-15NEC
TMS4464-15NLTexas Instruments
TMM 41464P-15Toshiba

Dynamic memory chips require periodic refresh for data retention
This refresh operation is performed on the MS68K by circuitry
which operates independently of the 68000 microprocessor. The
memory chips are refreshed using the "CAS before RAS" refresh
method. The 8 MHz system clock is counted down by a refresh
counter. When this counter indicates that 16 microseconds has
elasped since the last refresh cycle, the refresh circuitry is
armed and waits until the present memory cycle has terminated.
When this occurs, a refresh command flip-flop is set, indicating
a refresh cycle is to take place. While this is occurring, the
microprocessor DTACK- signal is negated, which causes the next
memory cycle to be delayed until the refresh cycle is completed.
In order to simplify the implementation of expansion memory
external to the MS68K board, this refresh command flip-flop
signal is provided on the expansion bus.


Interrupts


There are five sources of interrupts to the 68000 microprocessor


These interrupts are, in order of highest priority to lowest
priority:

Interrupt Source 68000 Priority Level
External Interrupt      (expansion bus)6
SCSI Interrupt 5
Floppy Interrupt 4
DUART Interrupt 3
Printer Interrupt 2


These signals are prioritized and encoded into the three signals,
IPLO-2 (which are required by the microprocessor), by a 74LS148
priority encoder circuit If a device is requesting an interrupt
at a priority level higher than the interrupt mask contained in
the microprocessor's status register, it will be serviced when the
microprocessor completes the present instruction. The micro-
processor responds by jumping to the address contained in the
exception vector table "autovector" location associated with the
interrupting device's priority level This is a consequence of
the PAL device responding to the microprocessor's interrupt
acknowledge by asserting the VPA signal.


DTACK and Bus Error


Built into the 68000 microprocessor is a mechanism which allows
it to work with memories and peripherals of various speeds. The
DTACK- input to the microprocessor can be used to effectively
"stall** the microprocessor when an addressed device cannot
respond in the minimum time allowed during instruction
execution. Each addressed device must generate the DTACK- signal
when it either has data ready for the 68000 or is ready to
receive data from it.
 
If the microprocessor attempts to access a non-existent device,
no DTACK- will be returned and the system could hang. To prevent
this situation, the microprocessor has an input, BERR- (bus
error), which when asserted causes an interrupt This signal is
driven by a timer which is allowed to count when the microprocessor
is attempting to access a device. If no device responds after a
certain time, the Bus Error signal is asserted. From the time a
microprocessor bus cycle begins until Bus Error is asserted is
a minimum 8 microseconds.



Addressing of Eight Bit Peripherals

The input/output peripherals on the MS68K are eight bit
peripherals existing in a 16-bit environment Therefore, it is
necessary to decide whether their data buses are connected to
the upper or lower eight bits of the 68000 microprocessor.
By convention, eight bits peripherals are usually connected
to the lower eight bits (DO thru D7, and consequently their
memory addresses appear as odd addresses. For instance, as the
memory map shows, the block of memory assigned to the parallel
printer port is SD80000. However, when actually addressing
the printer byte buffer in a program, one would use SD80001
as it s access address.


DUARTand Serial Channels



The MS68K utilizes a 68681 DUART chip for serial communication
with the system terminal and an optional modem or serial
printer. TTiis DUART chip also provided six parallel input
and eight parallel output lines. Some of the features of this
device are:
- Two independent full-duplex serial channels
- Internal programmable baud rate generators for each
       channel with baud rates up to 38.4 Kbaud
 -Buffered input/output
- Programmable serial transmission formats
- Six bit parallel input port
- Eight bit parallel output port
- Interrupt logic compatible with 68000 interrupts
- 16-bit programmable counter/timer


The input/output capabilities of the 68681DUART consist of both
serial and parallel interfaces. The serial channels are used,
as mentioned above, for terminal and modem interfacing. The
uses of the parallel input and output ports are summarized in the
tables on the following page.



Uses of the Parallel  Input and Output Ports

Input
Bit
 Device
 Function
IP0
Terminal
Clear To Send
IP1
Modem
Clear To Send
IP2
Printer
Busy
IP3
Printer
Paper Out
IP4
Printer
Device Selected
IP5
Printer
Acknowledge
Output
Bit
 Device
 Function
OP0
Terminal
Requesest To Send
OP1
Modem
Request To Send
OP2
Printer
Initialize
OP3
Floppy
Side One Select
OP4
Floppy
Drive Select 0
OP5
Floppy
Drive Select 1
OP6
Floppy
Double Density
OP7
Printer
Data Strobe

Programming of the DUART and data communication between it
and the microprocessor is accomplished by the microprocessor
reading and writing registers within the DUART. The names of
these registers and addresses are listed in tables 9 and 10.
For further information regarding the use and programming of the
68681 DUART, refer to either of the following documents:


MC68681 Dual Asynchronous ReceiverlTransmitter
Data Book ADI988R1
Motorola Semiconductor, Austin, TX


SCN68681 Dual Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter
Microprocessor Data Manual
Signetics Corporation, Sunnyvale, CA


Table 9. 68681 duart Read-only Registers

Address
Function
Name
$E80001
Mode Register A
MR1A
MR2A
$E80003
Status Register A
SRA
$E80005
(do NOT use)

$E80007
Reciever Buffer A
RBA
$E80009
Input Port Change Register
IPCR
$E8000B
Interrupt Status Register
ISR
$E8000D
Counter Mode:Current MSB of Counter
CUR
$E8000F
Counter Mode:Current LSB of Counter
CLR
$E80011
Mode Register B
MR1B
MR2B
$E80013
Status Register B
SRB
$E80015
Do Not Use

$E80017
Reciever Buffer B
RBB
$E80019
Interrupt Vector Register
IVR
$E8001B
Input Port (unlatched)

$E8001D
Start Counter Command (address triggered)

$E8001F
Stop Counter Command (address triggered)


Table 10.  68681 doart write-only Registers

Address
Function
Name
$E80001
Mode Register A
MR1A,MR1B
$E80003
Clock Select Register
CSRA
$E80005
Command Register A
CRA
$E80007
Transmit Buffer A
TBA
$E80009
Auxiliary Control Register
ACR
$E8000B
Interrupt Mask Register
IMR
$E8000D
Counter Timer Upper Register
CTIUR
$E8000F
Counter Timer Lower Register
CTLR
$E80011
Mode Register B
MR1B,MR2B
$E80013 Clock Select Register B
CSRB
$E80015 Command Register B
CRB
$E80017 Transmit Buffer B
TBB
$E80019 Interrupt Vector Register
IVR
$E8001B Output Port Configuration Register
OPCR
$E8001D Output Port Bit Set Command

$E8001F Output Port Bit Reset Command


Floppy


The MS68K utilizes the Western Digital 1772 floppy controller to
interface either one or two floppy drives to the 68000 micro-
processor. This chip includes all the circuitry necessary to
interface the drives except for bus drivers and receivers, and
the density, side and drive select signals. All of the functions
involving floppy disk operation are controlled by the proper
programming of the 1772. This is accomplished by reading and
writing registers within the 1772 that are addressable by the
68000 microprocessor. The 1772 registers and their addresses
are listed below:

Register
Address
Status Register
$E00001 (read only)
Command Register
$E00001 (write only)
Track Register
$E00003
Sector Register
$E00005
Data Register
$E00007

Notice that the status register is read-only and the command
register is write-only, and therefore they share the same address.
The signals which control density, side select and drive select
originate from the 68681 DUART output port .The output port bits
in the DUART require separate commands for setting and resetting.
This fact, combined with logical inversion within the DUART of the
output bits and inverters on the side and drive select lines, can
cause confusion as to how these functions are selected. This
is accomplished as summarized below:

Output
Bit
Function
68000 Instruction
OP3
Select Side 0
Select Side 1
move.b #$08,$E8001D
move.b #$08,$E8001F
OP4
Select Drive 0
DeSelect Drive 0
move.b #$10,$E8001F
move.b #$10,$E8001D
OP5
Select Drive 1
DeSelect Drive 1
move.b #$20,$E8001F
move.b #$20,$E8001D
OP6
Select Single Density
Select Double Density
move.b #$40,$E8001F
move.b #$40,$E8001D

Prior to performing the above set and reset commands, the
output port configuration register must be cleared to all
zeroes with the following instruction:


move.b #$00,$E8001B


Since there is a bit assigned separately to each function, it is
possible to use a combination which sets the appropriate bits,
and a combination which resets the appropriate bits, as in the
following example:


Example: Configure the 1772 for Side 0,
Drive 0 and Double Density


    move.b #$68,$E8001D Set bits 0P3, 0P5 and 0P6
    move.b #$10,$E8001F Reset bit 0P4

For further information regarding the use and programming of the
1772 floppy controller, refer to the following document:


WD177X-00 Floppy Disk Formatter/Controller
Storage Management Products Handbook
Western Digital Corporation, Irvine, CA


Printer

The MS68K parallel printer interface is compatible with the
industry standard Centronics interface, and includes eight data
lines with a strobe and an initialize signal which drive the
printer, and four status lines from the printer. A summary of
the signals and their sources is given below:

Signal
Description
Source
STROBE-
DATA STROBE
74LS244/MC68681
DL1-> DL8
DATA LINES
74LS374
INIT-
INITIALIZE
MC68681
ACK-
ACKNOWLEDGE
PRINTER
BUSY
PRINTER BUSY
PRINTER
PE
PAPER END
PRINTER
SELECT
SELECT
PRINTER

The STROBE- and INIT- signals originate from the 68681 DUART
output port The output port bits in the DUART require separate
commands for setting and resetting. This fact, combined with
logical inversion within the DU ART of the output bits, can cause
confusion as to how these functions are selected. The following
makes clear how this is accomplished:

Output Bit
Function
68000 Instruction
OP2
Initialize (to Low State)
Initialize (to High State)
move.b #$04,$E8001D
move.b #$04,$E8001F
OP7
Strobe (to Low State)
Strobe (to High State)
move.b #$80,$E8001D
move.b #$80,$E8001F

Prior to performing the above set and reset commands, the output
port configuration register must be cleared to all zeroes with
the following instruction:


        move.b  $00,E8001B


The states of the four status signals from the printer are input
to the microprocessor through the 68681 DUART input port This
port is located at $E8001B in the microprocessor read memory
space. The bits assigned to these signals are as follows:

Input Bit
Function
68000 test instruction
IP2
Printer Busy
btst.b #2,$E8001B
IP3
Paper End
btst.b #3,$E8001B
IP4
Select
btst.b #4,$E8001B
IP5
Acknowledge
btst.b #5,$E8001B


Signal Description


STROBE               Data Strobe                              Active LOW
The data strobe signal is normally high and is pulsed LOW to
strobe the data on the data lines into the printer buffer. This signal
originates from the 68681 and is buffered by a 74LS244. In order to
generate the appropriate pulse to strobe the data to the printer, use
the following instruction sequence: ,-' ,f ^ ' U h
print :    btst.b , #2,$E8001B ,;Test if printer not busy
            bne    print
           move.b  #$80,$E8001D ; Set STROBE low
          move.b  #$80,$E8001F . Set STROBE high


DL1 thru DL8           Data Lines                    Active HIGH
The data bus to the printer originates from a 74LS374. This eight bit
latch is located at $D80001 in the microprocessor write memory
space.

INIT-                Initialize                              Active LOW
When this signal is pulsed LOW, the printer is reset to its initial
state and the print buffer is cleared (on most printers). It must remain
LOW for at least 50 microseconds.

ACK-             Acknowledge                         Active LOW
This signal is a pulse from the printer indicating that data has been
received and that the printer is ready to accept new data.

BUSY                   Printer Busy              ActivefflGH
When this signal is in the HIGH state, it indicates that the printer
cannot receive data. The printer is busy if any of the following '
conditions exist:


1) Printer is accepting data entry
2) Printer is printing
3) Printer is off-line
4) Printer error condition


PE                   Paper End                          Active HIGH
A HIGH state on this signal indicates that the printer is out of paper.

SELECT                Select                           Active HIGH
A HIGH state on this signal indicates that the printer is selected.

SCSI Interface


The SCSI interface allows the MS68K to control peripheral ...
devices, such as disk drives and tape controllers, which have a
SCSI interface. This interface is controlled by a 5380-type
SCSI protocol controller, which connects to the microprocessor
as a peripheral device in the 68000 memory space, and in turn
directly to the "SCSI bus". The bus consists of 8
bidirectional signals " nine data lines and nine control lines -
and allows up to seven peripherals to be daisy-chained.
In addition to serving as a SCSI bus controller, the 5380-type
chip can be used as a general purpose input/output port
Programming of the 5380 SCSI chip is accomplished by reading and
writing registers within the 5380. The addresses of these
registers arc listed in tables 11 and 12.


Table 11 5830 Read Only Registers

ADDRESS Function
$D40001 Current SCSI Data
$D40003 Initiator Command Register
$D40005 Mode Register
 $D40007 Target Command Register
$D40009 Current SCSI Bus Status
$D4000B Bus and Status Register
$D4000D Input Data Register
$D4000F Reset Parity / Interrupt Command

Table 12 5830 Write Only Registers

ADDRESS Function
$D40001 Output Data Register
$D40003 Initiator Command Register
$D40005 Mode Register
 $D40007 Target Command Register
$D40009 Select Enable Register
$D4000B Start DMA Send Command
$D4000D Start DMA Target Receive Command
$D4000F Start DMA Iniator Receive

In addition to the above addresses assigned to registers within
the 5380, address SD00001 is assigned to the 5380 DTACK- signal
For further information regarding the use and programming of the
5380 SCSI, refer to either of the following documents:

* NCR 5380-53C80 SCSI Interface Chip Design Manual
        NCR Microelectronics Div.t Colorado Springs, CO
* "AM5380 SCSI Interface Controller Product Spec,
         Advanced Micro Devices, Sunnyvale, CA


Expansion Bus

The MS68K has a rich complement of both serial and parallel
input-output facilities, but in order to provide total
flexibliity for integrating complex systems, an extensive expansion
bus is included. The philosophy behind the expansion bus is
to make use of the large, unsegmented address space of the :'
68000 microprocessor for interfacing any desired type of
peripheral device. Nearly all the 68000 signals are provided
on the expansion bus. In addition, certain other "system"
signals are provided for convenience.
The expansion bus is implemented as a 76 pin bus on two
connectors: J7 (50 pin) and J8 (26 pin). For system
reliability, all signals on the bus are next to a ground signal.


Signal Summary

Signal
Descrition
Source
XCLK
8 MHz Buffered System Clock
74LS244
RESET-
System Reset
7416
REFR+
Refresh Command
74F74
A1+ thru A23+
System Address Bus
68000
AS-
Address Strobe
68000
UDS-
Upper Data Strobe
68000
LDS-
Lower Data Strobe
68000
R/W+
Read/ Not Write
68000
XD0+ thru XD15+
Expansion Bus Data Bus (Bidirectional)
74LAS245/
External
DTACK-
Data Transfer Acknowledge
External
XINT-
External Interrupt
External
EXT-
External Select
External
BR-
Bus request
External

Signal Description


XCLK+                   8 MHz Buffered System Clock         Active HIGH
The external clock signal is a buffered version of the 8 MHz system
clock which drives the 68000 and the floppy controller. It is driven
by a 74LS244 which has the ability to sink 24 mA, which allows
resistor termination on external devices, if necessary.

RESET-               System Reset                                Active LOW
This signal results when power is initially applied, or the auxiliary
reset input is brought low. It is driven by a 7416 which has over 30
mA of sink current available.

REFR+             Refresh Command                            Active HIGH
Dynamic RAM refresh control is provided by the MS68K. In order
to simplify the design of external memory expansion boards which
utilize dynamic RAM, this signal is available on the expansion bus.
It informs external devices that a refresh cycle is being performed
on the MS68K. It is driven by a 74F74 which has over 16 mA of
sink current available.

A1+ thru A23+           System Address Bus               Active HIGH
The address bus of the 68000 consists of 23 lines which can be used
to address a total of 8 megawords of memory. Certain blocks of
memory are used by the MS68K, but a contiguous memory space of
6.25 megawords (12.5 megabytes) is available for use by expansion
devices. These signals are driven directly by the 68000 micropro
cessor, and have over 2.5 mA of sink current available. (This is the
equivalent of more than 6 *LS TTL loads)

AS-                Address Strobe                               Active LOW
The address strobe indicates the validity of the data on the address
bus. It is the main timing signal on the 68000. It is driven directly
by the 68000 microprocessor, and has over 2.5 in A of sink current
available.

UDS-               Upper Data Strobe                            Active LOW
The upper data strobe indicates that data is valid, or should be made
valid, on data lines 8 through 15. It is driven directly by the 68000
microprocessor, and has over 2.5 in A of sink current available.

LDS-                 Lower Data Strobe             Active LOW
The lower data strobe indicates that data is valid, or should be made
valid, on data lines 0 through 7. It is driven directly by the 68000
microprocessor, and has over 2.5 mA of sink current available.

RW+                    Read/Write             Read:Active HIGfl
                                                          Write: Active LOW
This signal indicates whether a memory access is a read or write. ^'
When HIGH, it indicates that the 68000 is performing a read opera-
tion. When LOW, a write is indicated. It is driven directly by the
68000 microprocessor, and has over 2.5 mA of sink current available.

XD0+ thru XD1+            Expansion Data Bus           Active HIGH

This bus serves as the 16 bit data bus for external devices. It is a ~
buffered version of the system data bus to and from the 68000
microprocessor. When the 68000 is accessing a device on the
expansion bus, it is necessary for the external device to assert the
signal EXT- (External Select) in order that the external data bus is
enabled onto the 68000 system data bus. The expansion data bus
buffers are 74LS245 buffers, which present one ,4LS TTL load to
devices driving them, and when acting as drivers, they can sink 24
mA.
 
DTACK-           Data Transfer Acknowledge            Active LOW

This signal informs the 68000 microprocessor that a data tranfer may
proceed. During the early part of a microprocessor cycle, the
address and data buses and strobes, as well as the 68000 control
signals, are asserted. If the device which is being addressed can
respond by asserting DTACK- within the appropriate time, no wait
states are added to the cycle. If the device being accessed cannot
respond in the appropriate time, it does not immediately assert
DTACK-, which causes the 68000 to add wait states. This process
allows slow devices to interface reliably to the 68000. Each external
device being accessed must provide an appropriate open collector
DTACK- signal which is capable of sinking 16 mA. The external
device must assert DTACK- within 8 microseconds of being
accessed, otherwise a Bus Error will occur.

XINT-                   External Interrupt                    Active LOW

The external interrupt line allows devices on the expansion bus to
interrupt the 68000 microprocessor. The device causes an interrupt
by asserting the XINT- line to a LOW state. This line is encoded into
interrupt level 6 at the 68000. If the priority level of the 68000 is 5
or below, an interrupt will occur. This causes the 68000 to jump to
the interrupt service routine whose address is contained in the Level 6
Interrupt Autovector location at $078 in lower memory. It is a re  
quirement of the external device hardware, as well as the interrupt
service routine, to command the external device to reset its interrupt
request This signal should be implemented with an open collector
driver with the capability of sinking 2 mA. If interrupts are enabled at
level 4 or below, as would be required to enable external interrupts,
and the MS68K does not have a 5380 SCSI chip installed, it will be
necessary to install a wire jumper between pins 11 and 23 in the 5380
socket to prevent erroneous 5380 interrupts from occurring.

EXT-                         External Select                      Active LOW

The external select signal is generated by an external device which is
being addressed by the 68000 microprocessor. This signal is used to
enable the expansion data bus buffers at the appropriate time so that
data may be transferred between the 68000 microprocessor and the
external device being addressed. In general, this signal will be
generated by the logical product of the external device's decoded
address with the address strobe AS-. This signal should be
implemented with an open collector driver with the capability of sinking
12 mA.

BR-                        Bus Request                            Active LOW

This signal can be used under the appropriate conditions to cause
certain 68000 microprocessor signals to go into a high impedance
condition. It should be implemented with an open collector driver
with with the capability of sinking 2 in A.


Rom Monitor

The ROM Monitor contained on the MS68K provides a powerful
debugging environment and is also an excellent learning tool. The
monitor allows access to many of the hardware features of the
MS68K for the purposes of debugging programs, checking the
operation of the system, performing assembly and disassembly line
by line, manipulating memory in various ways and reading a pro  
gram into the MS68K memory from an external source.

Command
Letter
 Command
A
Assemble
B
Breakpoint Display or Change
BC
Breakpoint Clear
C
Change Memory Word
D
Dump Memory in Hex and Ascii
E
Execute Program- No Breakpoints
F
Fill Memory
G
Goto program with breakpoint
H or ?
Help--Type command list
L
List Memory Disasembled
M
Move Memory
N
Memory Set
PA
Read S Records though Port A
PB
Read S Records thorugh Port B
Q
Set Port B Baud Rate
R
Register Display
S
Search Memory
T
Trace
V
Verify Memory
Y
Memory Test
Z
Boot Dos
.
Register Change

Entry into the ROM monitor will occur due to the following
conditions:
1) System reset (power-up or auxiliary)
2) Microprocessor Exception error that is not
handled by a user program
3) Via a breakpoint (Trap #15)
4) Via a jump from another program (DOS, etc.)
ROM monitor commands are a single or double character followed
by required and/or optional arguments. All arguments are in
hexadecimal (unless otherwise specified) and must be separated by
spaces. No spaces are required between the command letiers) and
the first argument

Command  Descriptions


A                 addrl                                                        Assemble

Assemble instruction by instruction. Following initial command
execution, the present hex code at the given address is shown,
followed by a disassembly of that code. A new instruction may then
be entered or a CR> will skip to the next instruction. When entering
new code, a leading space must be entered unless a label is specifi
cally intended. All data and addresses may be in decimal (default)
or hex (. The DC.W directive is recognized for setting data words
(i.e. DC.W $2EFF. The period (.) exits the assembler.

B       [addr][  count]                  Breakpoint Display or Change

Set a breakpoint at addr. The instruction will be allowed to execute
count times, and will cause a break in execution if it is encountered
again. The default count is 0, always causing a break when encoun
tered. If no arguments are given, all active breakpoints are displayed
as " address count" in hex. The breakpoints are stored in a special
area and are inserted at the specified addresses  when a program is
executed with the "G" command. If the program is not exited in a
standard way - such as applying a direct reset - the breakpoints will
remain where they have been placed by the "G" command, and the
original code will be lost Up to eight breakpoints may be active at
one time.

BC         addr                                         Breakpoint Clear

Gears the breakpoint at addr. If no argument is given, all active
breakpoints will be cleared.

C  addr                                             Change Memory Word

Enter memory word change mode. The given address is shown,
followed by the existing word data. One may then enter new data,
which replaces the old data (last four digits only, leading zeroes
added), a CR> to go to the next word, a ^ to back one word, or a
period (.) to terminate.

D addrl [addr2]                        Dump Memory in Hex and ASCII

Dump memory in hex dump and ASCII dump format, 16 bytes to a
line. Following command execution in which only the first argu
ment is specified, one line of 16 bytes is displayed in hex byte
format, followed on the same line with the ASCII equivalents of
those 16 bytes. If a CR> is then given, 16 additional lines arc
displayed. If both arguments are specified, output is continuous, but
can be temporarily halted by depressing ^S and then continued by
pressing any other key. A continuous display can be aborted by
depressing ^C. Use a period (.) to exit this mode.


E addr                                Execute Program - No Breakpoints

Execute program at addr. Any existing breakpoints are ignored.

F. [size]  addrl addr2 data                                         Fill Memory
Fill memory block between addrl and addr2 with data. The default
size is byte if no size is specified, or ".B" for byte, ".W" for word
and "L" for long.

G    addr                                       Go to Program with Breakpoints
Insert active breakpoint(s) and begin program execution at addr.
After breakpoint has occurred, execution may be continued by typing
"G" without an argument .

H or ?                          Help - Type Command List

Type alphabetized list of ROM monitor commands


L   addrl [addr2]                           List Memory Disassembled

List memory in disassembled format. Upon initial command
execution, 16 instructions are shown disassembled. CR> causes 16
additional instructions to be shown. If both arguments are specified.
output is continuous, but can be halted by depressing ^S and
continued by pressing any other key. A continuous display can be aborted
by depressing ^C Use period (.) is exit.

M addrl addr2 addr3                                        Move Memory

Move memory block between addrl and addr2 to addr3. Addresses
may overlap (i.e. M 100 200 120).

N.[sizc] addr data1 [data2... data n]                      Memory Set
Set memory starting at addr with data valucs. The default size is
byte if no size is specified, or use ".B" for byte, ".W" for word and 
".L" for long.

PA                                                    Read S-records thru Port A
Read Motorola S-records into memory thru port A. Accepts
Motorola S-record types S1, S2 and S3 data records, and S7, S8 and S9
termination records. S-records will be read until either an error is
detected or a termination record is found.

PB                                                        Read S-records thru Port B

Read Motorola S-records into memory thru port B. Accepts
Motorola S-record types SI, S2 and S3 data records, and S7, S8 and S9
termination records. S-records will be read until either an error is
detected or a termination record is found.


Q      data                                             Set Port B Baud Rate
Set baud rate of port B by executing the "Q" command with a
desired baud rate of data from the following baud rate set:

        110,300,600,1200,2400,4800,9600

The DUART may be programmed directly for additional rates.

R                                                                    Register Display

Display the registers of the microprocessor, including the eight data
registers, the eight address registers, the program counter, the status
register, the system and user stack pointers.

S[.size] addrl addr2 data  [mask ]                     Search Memory

Search memory from addrl to addr2 for a match with data, masked
by mask. Execution terminates with the first match. The default
size is byte if no size is specified, or use ".B" for byte, ".W" for
word and ".L" for long.

T [count]                                                                      Trace

Trace instruction execution an instruction at a time if no count is
specified, or the number of instructions specified by count (in hex).
As each instruction is traced, execution halts, registers arc displayed,
along with the next instruction. Additional steps can be performed
by typing a CR> for each step.

V addrl addr2 addr3                                       Verify Memory
Compare the memory block between addrl and addr2 the block
starting at addr3.

Y                                                                        Memory Test
Executes memory test Test program prompts for test parameters.


z                                                                  Boot DOS
Boot appropriate operating system from disk


.          [rcgname] value                                Register Change
Modify a single microprocessor register (i.e. - .D4 4FF8). Valid
names are D0-D7, A0-A7, USP, SSP (or SP), CCR and SR.


Schematics